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Must be chosen from the current Natural Health Products Ingredients Database and must meet the limitations outlined in the database.
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Ackman RG. The absorption of fish oils and concentrates. Lipids 1992;27(11):858-862.
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Addis PB. 1990. Fish oil and your health [Internet]. Duluth (MN): Minnesota Sea Grant Research and Education. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/downloads/f9.pdf
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Aggett PJ, Antoine JM, Asp NG, Bellisle F, Contor L, Cummings JH, Howlett J, Müller DJ, Persin C, Pijls LT, Rechkemmer G, Tuijtelaars S, Verhagen H. 2005. PASSCLAIM: consensus on criteria. European Journal of Nutrition. 44(Suppl 1): i5-i30.
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Agostini C, Massetto N, Biasucci G, Rottoli A, Bonvissuto M, Bruzzese MG, Giovannini M, Riva E. 2000. Effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on fatty acid status and visual function in treated children with hyperphenylalaninemia. Journal of Pediatrics 137(4):504-509.
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Ahmed AA, Holub BJ. Alteration and recovery of bleeding times, platelet aggregation and fatty acid composition of individual phospholipids in platelets of human subjects receiving a supplement of cod liver oil. Lipids 1984;19(8):617-624.
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Allen KG, Harris MA. The role of n-3 fatty acids in gestation and parturition. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2001;226(6):498-506.
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Angerer P, Kothny W, Störk S, von Schacky C. Effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids on progression of atherosclerosis in carotid arteries. Cardiovascular Research 2002;54(1):183-190.
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Annuzzi G, Rivellese A, Capaldo B, Di Marino L, Iovine C, Marotta G, Riccardi G. A controlled study on the effects of n-3 fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 1991;87(1):65-73.
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Appel LJ, Miller ER, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Does supplementation of diet with 'fish oil' reduce blood pressure? Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153(12):1429-1438.
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Bairati I, Roy L, Meyer F. Effects of a fish oil supplement on blood pressure and serum lipids in patients treated for coronary artery disease. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 1992;8(1):41-46.
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Beblo S, Reinhardt H, Demmelmair H, Muntau A, Koletzko B. 2007. Effects of fish oil supplementation on fatty acid status, coordination, and fine motor skills in children with phenylketonuria. Journal of Pediatrics 150(5):479-484.
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Beblo S, Reinhardt H, Muntau AC, Mueller-Felber W, Roscher AA, Koletzko B. 2001. Fish oil supplementation improves visual evoked potentials in children with phenylketonuria. Neurology 57(8):1488-1491.
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Bender NK, Kraynak MA, Chiquette E, Linn WD, Clark GM, Bussey HI. Effects of marine fish oils on the anticoagulation status of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 1998;5(3):257-261.
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Berbert AA, Kondo CR, Almendra CL, Matsuo T, Dichi I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition 2005;21(2):131-136.
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Birberg-Thornberg U, Karlsson T, Gustafsson PA, Duchen K. 2006. Nutrition and theory of mind - the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the development of theory of mind. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 75(1):33-41.
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Birch EE, Castaneda YS, Wheaton DH, Birch DG, Uauy RD, Hoffman DR. Visual maturation of term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty-acid supplemented or control formula for 12 mo. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;81(4):871-879.
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Birch EE, Garfield S, Hoffman DR, Uauy R, Birch DG. A randomized controlled trial of early long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 2000;42(3):174-181.
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Birch EE, Hoffman DR, Castañeda YS, Fawcett SL, Birch DG, Uauy RD. A randomized controlled trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula in term infants after weaning at 6 wk of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002;75(3):570-580.
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Blonk MC, Bilo HJ, Nauta JJ, Popp-Snijders C, Mulder C, Donker AJ. Dose-response effects of fish-oil supplementation in healthy volunteers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1990;52(1):120-127.
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Bonnema SJ, Jespersen LT, Marving J, Gregersen G. Supplementation with olive oil rather than fish oil increases small arterial compliance in diabetic patients. Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolism 1995;8(2):81-87.
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Bourre JM. 2006. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 2: macronutrients. Journal of Nutritional Health and Aging 10(5):386-399.
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Brinker F. 2001. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions, 3rd edition. Sandy (OR): Eclectic Medical Publications.
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Brinker F. 2010. Final updates and additions for Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions, 3rd edition. including extensive Appendices addressing common problematic conditions, medications and nutritional supplements, and influences on Phase I, II& III metabolism with new appendix on botanicals as complementary adjuncts with drugs. [Internet]. Sandy (OR): Eclectic Medical Publications. [Updated July 13, 2010; Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://www.eclecticherb.com/emp/updatesHCDI.html
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Buckley MS, Goff AD, Knapp WE. Fish oil interaction with warfarin. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2004;38(1):50-53.
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Buckley R, Shewring B, Turner R, Yaqoob P, Minihane AM. Circulating triacylglycerol and apoE levels in response to EPA and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adult human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition 2004;92(3):477-483.
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Burgess JR, Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L. 2000. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71(Sl):327S-30S.
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Bønaa KH, Bjerve KS, Nordøy A. Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in plasma phospholipids are divergently associated with high density lipoprotein in humans. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 1992;12(6):675-681.
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Cairns JA, Gill J, Morton B, Roberts R, Gent M, Hirsh J, Holder D, Finnie K, Marquis JF, Naqvi S, Cohen E. Fish oils and low-molecular-weight heparin for the reduction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The EMPAR Study. Circulation 1996;94(7):1553-1560.
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Calder PC. n-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored. Clinical Science 2004;107(1):1-11.
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Calder PC. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2006;83(6):1505S-1519S.
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Calon F, Lim GP, Yang F, Morihara T, Teter B, Ubeda O, Rostaing P, Triller A, Salem N Jr, Ashe KH, Frautschy SA, Cole GM. 2004. Docosahexaenoic acid protests from dendritic pathology in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Neuron 43(5):596-599.
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Calò L, Bianconi L, Colivicchi F, Lamberti F, Loricchio ML, de Ruvo E, Meo A, Pandozi C, Staibano M, Santini M. N-3 fatty acids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005;45(10):1723-1728.
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Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Peeples JM, Cooke RJ, Tolley EA. Arachidonic acid status correlates with first year growth in preterm infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1993;90(3):1073-1077.
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Carlson SE. Arachidonic acid status of human infants: influence of gestational age at birth and diets with very long chain n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. The Journal of Nutrition 1996;126(4):1092S-1098S.
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Carroll DN, Roth MT. Evidence for the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2002;36(12):1950-1956.
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Cazzola R, Russo-Volpe S, Miles EA, Rees D, Banerjee T, Roynette CE, Wells SJ, Goua M, Wahle KW, Calder PC, Cestaro B. Age- and dose-dependent effects of an eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects. Atherosclerosis 2007;193(1):159-167.
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Chee KM, Gong JX, Rees DM, Meydani M, Ausman L, Johnson J, Siguel EN, Schaefer EJ. Fatty acid content of marine oil capsules. Lipids 1990;25(9):523-528.
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Cleary MA, Feillet F, White FJ, Vidailhet M, MacDonald A, Grimsley A, Maurin N, Ogier de Baulny H, Rutherford PJ. 2006. Randomised controlled trial of essential fatty acid supplementation in phenylketonuria. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60(7):915-920.
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Cleland LG, French JK, Betts WH, Murphy GA, Elliot MJ. Clinical and biochemical effects of dietary fish oil supplements in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 1988;15(10):1471-1475.
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Colter AL, Cutler C, Meckling KA. 2008. Fatty acid status and behavioural symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescents: a case-control study. Nutrition Journal 7:8.
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Commission of the European Communities. Commission Directive 2004/44/EC of 13 April 2004 amending Directive 2002/69/EC laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of dioxins and the determination of dioxin-like PCBs in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L 113/17 20.4.2004 [Internet]. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2002:209:0005:0014:EN:PDF
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Commission of the European Communities. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L 364/5 20.12.2006 [Internet]. [Accessed 2012 March 23]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:364:0005:0024:EN:PDF
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Commission of the European Communities. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1883/2006 of 19 December 2006 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of levels of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in certain foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L 364/32 20.12.2006 [Internet]. [Accessed 2012 March 23]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:364:0032:0043:EN:PDF
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Commission of the European Communities. Commission Regulation (EC) No 199/2006 of 3 February 2006 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs as regards dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. Official Journal of the European Union L 32/34 4.2.2006 [Internet]. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:032:0034:0038:EN:PDF
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Commission of the European Communities. Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L 77/1 16.3.2001 [Internet]. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:077:0001:0013:EN:PDF
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Conklin SM, Gianaros PJ, Brown SM, Yao JK, Hariri AR, Manuck SB, Muldoon MF. 2007. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake is associated positively with corticolimbic gray matter volume in healthy adults. Neuroscience Letter 421(3):209-212.
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Connor WE, DeFrancesco CA, Connor SL. N-3 fatty acids from fish oil. Effects on plasma lipoproteins and hypertriglyceridemic patients. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1993a;683:16-34.
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Connor WE, Prince MJ, Ullmann D, Riddle M, Hatcher L, Smith FE, Wilson D. The hypotriglyceridemic effect of fish oil in adult-onset diabetes without adverse glucose control. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1993b;683:337-340.
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Council for Responsible Nutrition. March 2006. VOLUNTARY MONOGRAPH for Omega-3 DHA, Omega-3 EPA, Omega-3 DHA & EPA. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available at: http://www.crnusa.org/pdfs/O3FINALMONOGRAPHdoc.pdf
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Council of the European Union. Commission Regulation (EC) No 2375/2001 of 29 November 2001 amending Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities L 321/1 6.12.2001 [Internet]. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:321:0001:0005:EN:PDF
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Cunnane S, Drevon CA, Harris B, Sinclair A, Spector A. 2004. Recommendations for intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy adults [Internet]. Devon (GB): International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://www.issfal.org/news-links/resources/publications/PUFAIntakeReccomdFinalReport.pdf
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Dangour AD, Uauy R. 2008. N-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for optimal function during brain development and ageing. Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 17(Suppl 1):185-188.
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De Groot RHM, Hornstra G, Jolles J. 2007. Exploratory study into the relation between plasma phospholipid fatty acid status and cognitive performance. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 76(3):165-172.
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Deutch B, Jørgensen EB, Hansen JC. Menstrual discomfort in Danish women reduced by dietary supplements of omega-3 PUFA and B12 (fish oil or seal oil capsules). Nutrition Research 2000;20(5):621-631.
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Dokholyan RS, Albert CM, Appel LJ, Cook NR, Whelton PK, Hennekens CH. A trial of omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of hypertension. The American Journal of Cardiology 2004;93(8):1041-1043.
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Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Taylor AL, Holt PG, Prescott SL. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2003;112(6):1178-1184.
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Dunstan JA, Roper J, Mitoulas L, Hartmann PE, Simmer K, Prescott SL. The effect of supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy on breast milk immunoglobulin A, soluble CD14, cytokine levels, and fatty acid composition. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2004;34(8):1237-1242.
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Engeset D, Alsaker E, Lund E, Welch A, Khaw KT, Clavel-Chapelon F, Thiébaut A, Chajès V, Key TJ, Allen NE, Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, Tjønneland A, Stripp C, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Chirlaque MD, Nagel G, Linseisen J, Ocké MC, Bueno-de-Mesquita1 HB, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Ardanaz E, Sánchez MJ, Panico S, Palli D, Trichopoulou A, Kalapothaki V, Benetou V, Quirós JR, Agudo A, Overvad K, Bjerregaard L, Wirfält E, Schulz M, Boeing H, Slimani N, Riboli E. Fish consumption and breast cancer risk. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). International Journal of Cancer 2006;119(1):175-182.
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Engler MM, Engler MB, Malloy MJ, Paul SM, Kulkarni KR, Mietus-Snyder ML. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on lipoprotein subclasses in hyperlipidemic children (the EARLY study). American Journal of Cardiology 2005;95(7):869-871.
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Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Høstmark AT. Long-term metabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with coronary artery disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995A;61(4):831-836.
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Eritsland J, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I, Kierulf P. Long-term effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on haemostatic variables and bleeding episodes in patients with coronary artery disease. Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 1995B;6(1):17-22.
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Eritsland J, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Torjesen PA. Long-term effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum lipids and glycemic control. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 1994;54(4):273-280.
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Eritsland J. Safety considerations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;71(1):197S-201S.
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European Commission. Commission Recommendation of 23 August 2011 on the reduction of the presence of dioxins, furans and PCBs in feed and food (2011/516/EU) Official Journal of the European Union L 218/23 24.8.2011 [Internet]. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:218:0023:0025:EN:PDF
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European Food Safety Authority. 2008. Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid and growth and development of children pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. The EFSA Journal 783:1-9.
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European Food Safety Authority. 2008. Scientific substantiation of a health claim related to Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Arachidonic Acid (ARA) and support of the neural development of the brain and eyes pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. The EFSA Journal 794:1-11.
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Fitzpatrick KC. Invitational Consultation on Fatty Acids. Winnipeg (MB): Nutritech Consulting; 2005.
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Food Chemicals Codex. Seventh edition. Rockville (MD): The United States Pharmacopeial Convention; 2011.
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Fortin PR, Lew RA, Liang MH, Wright EA, Beckett LA, Chalmers TC, Sperling RI. Validation of a meta-analysis: the effects of fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1995;48(11):1379-1390.
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Frais AT. 2007. Depression and the causal role of specific memory system degenerations: Link may be supported by reported therapeutic benefits of omega 3 fatty acids. Medical Hypothesis 69(1):67-69.
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Frangou S, Lewis M, McCrone P. 2006. Efficacy of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in bipolar depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. The British Journal of Psychiatry 188:46-50.
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Franzen D, Schannwell M, Oette K, Höpp HW. A prospective, randomized, and double-blind trial on the effect of fish oil on the incidence of restenosis following PTCA. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Diagnosis 1993;28(4):301-310.
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Freese R, Mutanen N. Alpha-linolenic acid and marine long-chain n-3 fatty acids differ only slightly in their effects on hemostatic factors in healthy subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;66(3):591-598.
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Fregni F, Schachter SC, Pascual-Leone A. 2005. Review: Transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for epilepsy: can it also improve depression and vice versa? Epilepsy and Behavior 7(2):182-189.
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Friedberg CE, Janssen MJ, Heine RJ, Grobbee DE. Fish oil and glycemic control in diabetes. A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 1998;21(4):494-500.
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Fux M, Benjamin J, Nemets B. A placebo-controlled crossover trial of adjunctive EPA in OCD. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2004;38(3):323-325.
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Gadoth N. 2008. On fish oil and omega-3 supplementation in children: the role of such supplementation on attention and cognitive dysfunction. Brain and Development 30(5):309-312.
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Gapinski JP, VanRuiswyk JV, Heudebert GR, Schectman GS. Preventing restenosis with fish oils following coronary angioplasty: a meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153(13):1595-1601.
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Geelen A, Brouwer IA, Schouten EG, Maan AC, Katan MB, Zock PL. Effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;81(2):416-420.
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Geleijnse JM, Giltay EJ, Grobbee DE, Donders AR, Kok FJ. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. Journal of Hypertension 2002;20(8):1493-1499.
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Geusens P, Wouters C, Nijs J, Jiang Y, Dequeker J. Long-term effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in active rheumatoid arthritis: a 12-month, double-blind, controlled study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1994;37(6):824-829.
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Goodnight SH, Harris WS, Connor WE. The effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on platelet composition and function in man: a prospective, controlled study. Blood 1981;58(5):880-885.
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Grimsgaard S, Bonaa KH, Hansen JB, Nordøy A. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in humans have similar triacylglycerol-lowering effects but divergent effects on serum fatty acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;66(3):649-659.
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Guivernau N, Meza N, Barja P, Roman O. Clinical and experimental study on the long-term effect of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on plasma lipids, platelet aggregation, thromboxane formation, and prostacyclin production. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 1994;51(5):311-316.
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Haglund O, Luostarinen R, Wallin R, Wibell L, Saldeen T. 1991. The effects of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and malondialdehyde in humans supplemented with vitamin European Journal of Nutrition 121(2):165-169.
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Hakkarainen R, Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Lonnqvist J. 2004. Food and nutrient intake in relation to mental well being. Nutritional Journal 3(14):1-5.
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Halldorsson TI, Meltzer HM, Thorsdottir I, Knudsen V, Olsen SF. Is high consumption of fatty fish during pregnancy a risk factor for fetal growth retardation? A study of 44,824 Danish pregnant women. American Journal of Epidemiology 2007;166(6):687-696.
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Halliwell B, Chirico S. Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1993;57(5):715S-725S.
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Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Itomura M, Asaoka E, Nagao Y, Nishimura N, Yazawa K, Kuwamori T, Kobayashi M. 1996. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on aggression in young adults: a placebo-controlled double-blind study. Journal Clinical Investigation 97(4):1129-1134.
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Hamazaki T, Sawazaki S, Nagao Y, Kuwamori T, Yazawa K, Mizushima Y, Kobayashi M. Docosahexaenoic acid does not affect aggression of normal volunteers under nonstressful conditions. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Lipids 1998;33(7):663-667.
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Harel Z, Biro FM, Kottenhahn RK, Rosenthal SL. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1996;174(4):1335-1338.
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Harris WS. 2010. Omega-3 Fatty Acids. In: Coates PM, Betz JM, Blackman MR, Cragg GM, Levine M, Moss J, White JD, editors. Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Second edition. New York (NY): Informa Healthcare.
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Harris WS. International recommendations for consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 2007;8(1):S50-S52.
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Harrison N, Abhyankar B. The mechanism of action of omega-3 fatty acids in secondary prevention post-myocardial infarction. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2005;21(1):95-100.
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HC 2006: Health Canada. Evidence for Safety and Efficacy of Finished Natural Health Products. Ottawa (ON): Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Canada; 2006. [Accessed 2012-01-30] Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodnatur/legislation/docs/efe-paie_eng.php
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HC 2006: Health Canada. Food Rulings Proposal - EPA and DHA: Level of Addition to Foods. Ottawa (ON): Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Canada; 2006.
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HC 2006: Health Canada. Product Licensing Guidance Document, Version 2.0 [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Natural Health Products Directorate, Health Canada. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/prodnatur/legislation/docs/licenselicence_guide_tc-tm-eng.php
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He K, Song Y, Daviglus ML, Liu K, Van Horn L, Dyer AR, Goldbourt U, Greenland P. Fish consumption and incidence of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Stroke 2004;35(7):1538-1542.
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Health Canada. MedEffect Canada: Adverse Reaction Reporting. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2007. [Accessed 2012-01-30]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/report-declaration/index_e.html.
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Hendler SS, Rorvik D, editors. PDR for Nutritional Supplements, 1st edition. Montvale (NJ): Thomson PDR; 2001.
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Hibbeln JR, Ferguson TA, Blasbalg TL. 2006. Omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies in neurodevelopment, aggression and autonomic dysregulation: opportunities for intervention. International Review of Psychiatry 18(2):107-118.
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Hjerkinn EM, Seljeflot I, Ellingsen I, Berstad P, Hjermann I, Sandvik L, Arnesen H. Influence of long-term intervention with dietary counselling, long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplements, or both on circulating markers of endothelial activation in men with long-standing hyperlipidemia. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005;81(3):583-589.
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Hodge L, Salome CM, Hughes JM, Liu-Brennan D, Rimmer J, Allman M, Pang D, Armour C, Woolcock AJ. Effect of dietary intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on severity of asthma in children. European Respiratory Journal 1998;11(2):361-365.
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Hodge W, Barnes D, Schachter HM, Pan Y, Lowcock EC, Zhang L, Sampson M, Morrison A, Tran K, Miguelez M, Lewin G. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Eye Health. Summary, Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 117. AHRQ No. 05-E008-2. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2005.
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Hoffman DR, Locke KG, Wheaton DH, Fish GE, Spencer R, Birth DG. 2004. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation for X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. American Journal of Ophthalmology 137(4):704-718.
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Holguin F, Téllez-Rojo MM, Lazo M, Mannino D, Schwartz J, Hernández M, Romieu I. Cardiac autonomic changes associated with fish oil vs soy oil supplementation in the elderly. Chest 2005;127(4):1102-1107.
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Hornstra G. Essential fatty acids in mothers and their neonates. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000;71(5):1262S-1269S.
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Iacoviello L, Amore C, De Curtis A, Tacconi MT, de Gaetano G, Cerletti C, Donati MB. Modulation of fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion in humans by a combination of low-dose aspirin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 1992;12(10):1191-1197.
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iHerb Products List [Internet]. Irwindale (CA): iHerb Inc. [Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://www.iherb.com/ProductsList.aspx?c=1&cid=1546
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Innis SM. 2007. Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development. The Journal of Nutrition 137(4):855-859.
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Institute of Medicine Committee on Nutrient Relationships in Seafood Selection to Balance Benefits and Risks, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. 2007 Seafood Choices: Balancing Benefits and Risks. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
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Iso H, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;285(3):304-312.
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Jellin JM editor. 2007. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Fish Oil. [Internet]. Stockton (CA): 1995-2012 Therapeutic Research Faculty. [Last updated 2012 January 27 Accessed 2012 January 30]. Available from: http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com
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Johansen O, Brekke M, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H. n-3 fatty acids do not prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty: results from the CART study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1999;33(6):1619-1626.
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Johnson EJ, Chung HY, Caldarella SM, Snodderly DM. 2008. The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87(5):1521-1529.
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Kalmijn S, Feskens EJ, Launer LJ, Kromhout D. 1997. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and cognitive function in very old men. American Journal of Epidemiology 145(1):33-41.
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