ECHINACEA - ECHINACEA PALLIDA

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This monograph is intended to serve as a guide to industry for the preparation of Product Licence Applications (PLAs) and labels for natural health product market authorization. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the medicinal ingredient.

Notes

Date

December 18, 2018

Proper name(s), Common name(s), Source material(s)

Table 1. Proper name(s), Common name(s), Source material(s)
Proper name(s) Common name(s) Source material(s)
Proper name(s) Part(s) Preparation(s)

Echinacea pallida

  • Echinacea
  • Echinacea pallida
  • Pale echinacea
  • Pale-flower echinacea
  • Pale purple-coneflower
  • Purple cone flower

Echinacea pallida

Root

Dried

References: Proper name: USDA 2018, Upton 2010; Common names: ITIS 2018, USDA 2018, Upton 2010, McGuffin et al. 2000; Source material: Blumenthal 2003, Dorn et al. 1997.

Route of Administration

Oral

Dosage Form(s)

This monograph excludes foods or food-like dosage forms as indicated in the Compendium of Monographs Guidance Document.

Children 2 years: The acceptable dosage forms are limited to emulsion/suspension and solution/ liquid preparations (Giacoia et al. 2008; EMEA/CHMP 2006).

Children 3-5 years: The acceptable dosage forms are limited to chewables, emulsion/ suspension, powders and solution/ liquid preparations (Giacoia et al. 2008; EMEA/CHMP 2006).

Children 6-11 years, Adolescents 12-17 years, and Adults 18 years and older: The acceptable dosage forms for this age category and specified route of administration are indicated in the Compendium of Monographs Guidance Document.

Use(s) or Purpose(s)

The following combined use(s) or purpose(s) is/are also acceptable:

Traditionally used in Herbal Medicine to help relieve symptoms of colds and upper respiratory tract infections (EMA 2009; Blumenthal et al. 2000; Moerman 1998; Dorn et al. 1997).

Note

Claims for traditional use must include the term "Herbal Medicine" ", "Traditional Chinese Medicine", or "Ayurveda".

Dose(s)

Subpopulation(s)

As specified below.

Quantity(ies)

Methods of preparation: Dry, Powder, Non-Standardised Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid extract, Decoction, Infusion)

Table 2. Dose information for Echinacea pallida root per day
Subpopulation(s) Dried root (gram/day)
Minimum Maximum

Children1

2-4 years

0.06

0.5

5-9 years

0.09

0.8

10-11 years

0.18

1.5

Adolescents1

12-14 years

0.18

1.5

15-17 years

0.36

3.0

Adults2,3

18 years and older

0.36

3.0

1Children and adolescent doses were calculated as a proportion of the adult dose (JC 2018). The use of Echinacea pallida in children is supported by the following references: Bove 2001; Schilcher 1997.

2Adult dose supported by the following references: EMA 2009; Blumenthal 2003; Blumenthal et al. 2000; Blumenthal et al. 1998; Dorn et al. 1997.

3Includes pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Direction(s) for use

Start treatment at first signs of common cold (EMA 2009).

Duration(s) of Use

Consult a health care practitioner /health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician for use beyond 8 weeks (ESCOP 2003; Blumenthal et al. 1998).

Risk Information

Caution(s) and warning(s)

Contraindication(s)

No statement required.

Known adverse reaction(s)

No statement required.

Non-medicinal ingredients

Must be chosen from the current Natural Health Products Ingredients Database (NHPID) and must meet the limitations outlined in the database.

Storage conditions

No statement required.

Specifications

References Cited

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Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. 2000. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton (MA): Integrative Medicine Communications.

Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, Gruenwald J, Hall T, Riggins CW, Rister RS, editors. 1998. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin (TX): American Botanical Council.

Bove M. 2001. An Encyclopedia of Natural Healing for Children and Infants, 2nd edition. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill.

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Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions, 4th edition. Sandy (OR): Eclectic Medical Publications; 2010.

Dorn M, Knick E, Lewith G. 1997. Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of Echinacea pallidae radix in upper respiratory tract infections. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 5(1): 40-42.

EMA 2009: EMA/HMPC/332350/2008 Community herbal monograph on ECHINACEA PALLIDA (NUTT.) NUTT., RADIX, Final. 16 July 2009. London (GB): European Medicines Agency: Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). [Accessed 2018 September 27]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu

EMEA/CHMP 2006: European Medicines Agency: Pre-authorization Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Reflection Paper: Formulations of choice for the paediatric population. Adopted September 2006.

EMEA/CHMP/PEG/194810/2005. [Accessed 2018 September 27]. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2009/09/WC500003782.pdf

ESCOP 2003: ESCOP Monographs: The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products, 2nd edition. Exeter (GB): European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy and Thieme.

Giacoia GP, Taylor-Zapata P, Mattison D. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Pediatric Formulation Initiative: selected reports from working groups. Clinical Therapeutics 2008; 30(11):2097-2101.

ITIS 2018: Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Taxon Based on Biological Information System [Internet]. Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility, Government of Canada. [Accessed 2018 September 27]. Available from: https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=37279#null

JC 2018: Justice Canada. Natural Health Products Regulations [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Justice Canada. [Accessed 2018 September 27]. Available from: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2003-196/page-11.html?txthl=dosage

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Schilcher H. 1997. Phytotherapy in Paediatrics: Handbook for Physicians and Pharmacists. Stuttgart (DE): medpharm Scientific Publishers.

Upton R, editor. 2010. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium: Echinacea pallida Root (Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.) - Standards of Analysis, Quality Control, and Therapeutics. Santa Cruz (CA): American Herbal Pharmacopoeia.

USDA 2018: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [Internet].Beltsville (MD): National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. [Accessed 2018 September 27]. Available from: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

References Reviewed

Barnes J, Anderson LA, Gibbons S, Phillipson JD. 2005. Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 57(8):929-954.

Barnes J, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. 2007. Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition. London (GB): The Pharmaceutical Press.

BHP 1983: British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth (GB): British Herbal Medicine Association.

Bielory L. 2004. Complementary and alternative interventions in asthma, allergy, and immunology. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 93(1):S45-S54.

Boon H, Smith M, editors. 2004. The Complete Natural Medicine Guide to the 50 Most Common Medicinal Herbs, 2nd edition. Toronto (ON): Robert Rose Inc.

Bradley PR, editor. 1992. British Herbal Compendium: A Handbook of Scientific Information on Widely Used Plant Drugs, Volume 1. Bournemouth (GB): British Herbal Medicine Association.

Chicca A, Pellati F, Adinolfi B, Matthias A, Massarelli I, Benvenuti S, Martinotti E, Bianucci AM, Bone K, Lehmann R, Nieri P. 2008. Cytotoxicity activity of polyacetylenes and polyenes isolated from roots of Echinacea pallida. British Journal of Pharmacology 153(5):879-885.

EMEA 2000: The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products: Echinacea (use in veterinary homeopathy) Summary Report [Internet]. London (GB): EMEA; 2000. [Accessed 2013 January 30]. Available from: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/vet/mrls/068799en.pdf

Gallo M, Sarkar M, Au W, Pietrzak K, Comas B, Smith M, Jaeger TV, Einarson A, Koren G. 2000. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea: a prospective controlled study. Archives of Internal Medicine 160(20):3141-3143.

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Melchart D, Linde K, Worku F, Sarkady L, Holzmann M, Jurcic K, Wagner H. 1995. Results of five randomized studies on the immunomodulatory activity of preparations of Echinacea. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 1(2): 145-160.

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Perri D, Dugoua JJ, Mills E, Koren G. 2006. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea and E. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 13(3):e262-e267.

Speroni E, Govoni P, Guizzardi S, Renzulli C, Guerra MC. 2002. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activity of Echinacea pallida Nutt. root extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 79(2): 265-272.

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