Date: 2008-02-13

NHPID Name

Tilia cordata (Germplasm Resources Information Network Taxonomy)

Proper Name(s)

Tilia cordata Mill. (Tiliaceae) ( USDA 2008 )

Common Name(s)

• Linden ( McGuffin et al. 2000 , Wiersema and León 1999 )
• Small-leaf lime tree ( McGuffin et al. 2000 , Wiersema and León 1999 )
• Small-leaf linden ( McGuffin et al. 2000 , Wiersema and León 1999 )
• Tilia ( McGuffin et al. 2000 , Wiersema and León 1999 )

Source Material

Flower ( Bradley 1992 , Felter and Lloyd 1983[1898] )

Route Of Administration

Oral

Dosage Form(s)

Those suited to the allowable route(s) of administration. This monograph is not intended to include food-like dosage forms such as bars, chewing gums or beverages.

Use(s) or Purpose(s)

Statement(s) to the effect of:

• Traditionally used in Herbal Medicine as a nervine to help relieve nervousness and restlessness.  (Wichtl 2004, Hoffmann 2003, Bradley 1992, Felter and Lloyd 1983[1898])
• Traditionally used in Herbal Medicine to help relieve coughs and irritation of the throat in colds and catarrh of the respiratory tract.  (Wichtl 2004, Blumenthal et al. 2000, Bradley 1992, Felter and Lloyd 1983[1898])

Dose(s)

Adults:

Dose(s): 1 Day per day

• Adolescents and adults include pregnant and breastfeeding women
• Adult dose supported by the following references: Hoffmann 2003; Blumenthal et al. 2000; Bradley 1992; Felter and Lloyd 1983[1898].
• Children and adolescent doses were calculated as a proportion of the adult dose (JC 2012).
• See Appendix 1 for examples of appropriate dosage preparations and frequencies of use, according to cited references. The purpose of Appendix 1 is to provide guidance to industry.
• The use of linden in children and adolescents is supported by the following references: McIntyre 2005; Schilcher 1997; Bove 1996.

Duration of use

No statement is required

Risk Information

Statement(s) to the effect of:

Caution(s) and Warning(s):

• Consult a health care practitioner if symptoms persist.
• Consult a health care practitioner if symptoms worsen.

Contraindication(s):
No statement is required

Known Adverse Reaction(s):
Hypersensitivity/allergy is known to occur, in which case, discontinue use.  (Mills and Bone 2005, De Smet et al. 1993)

Non-medicinal ingredients

Must be chosen from the current Natural Health Products Ingredients Database and must meet the limitations outlined in the database.

Specifications

• The finished product specifications must be established in accordance with the requirements described in the NHPD Quality of Natural Health Products Guide.
• The medicinal ingredient must comply with the requirements outlined in the Natural Health Products Ingredient Database (NHPID).

References cited

• BHP 1996: British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Bournemouth (UK): British Herbal Medical Association; 1996.
• Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, editors. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Boston (MA): Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000.
• Bove M. An Encyclopedia of Natural Healing for Children and Infants. New Canaan (CT): Keats Publishing, Incorporated; 1996
• Bradley PR, editor. 1992. British Herbal Compendium: A Handbook of Scientific Information on Widely Used Plant Drugs, Volume 1. Bournemouth (GB): British Herbal Medicine Association.
• De Smet PAGM, Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF, editors. Adverse Effects of Herbal Drugs, Volume 2. Berlin (DE): Springer-Verlag; 1993.
• Felter HW, Lloyd JU. King's American Dispensatory, Volume 1, 18th edition. Sandy (OR): Eclectic Medical Publications; 1983 [Reprint of 1898 original].
• Hoffmann D. 2003. Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Rochester (VT): Healing Arts Press.
• JC 2008: Justice Canada. Food and Drug Regulations. (C.01.021). Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; 2008. [Accessed 2008-01-31] Available from: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/F-27/C.R.C.-c.870/text.html
• McGuffin M, Kartesz JT, Leung AY, Tucker AO, editors. 2000. Herbs of Commerce, 2nd edition. Austin(TX): American Herbal Products Association.
• McIntyre A. Herbal Treatment of Children - Western and Ayurvedic Perspectives. Toronto (ON): Elsevier Limited; 2005.
• Mills S, Bone K. 2005. The Essential Guide to Herbal Safety. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
• Schilcher H. Phytotherapy in Paediatrics: Handbook for Physicians and Pharmacists. Stuttgart (D): Medpharm Scientific Publishers; 1997.
• USDA 2008: ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville (MD). [Accessed 2008-01-21]. Available at http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl
• Wichtl M, editor. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis, 3rd edition. Stuttgart (D): Medpharm GmbH Scientific Publishers; 2004.
• Wiersema J, León B. 1999. World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press LLC.

References reviewed

• Barnes J, Anderson LA, Philipson JD. 2007. Herbal Medicines, 3rd edition. London (GB): Pharmaceutical Press.
• Hutchens AR. Indian Herbology of North America. Boston (MA): Shambhala Publications, Inc.; 1991.
• McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, editors. 1997. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.
• Mills S, Bone K. 2000. Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. Toronto (ON): Churchill Livingstone.

Appendix 1: Examples of appropriate dosage preparations, frequencies of use and directions for use

Dried flower:

2-4 g, per day (Blumenthal et al. 2000)

Infusion:

• 1.8 g dried flower, 3 times per day (Hoffmann 2003)
• 1.8-2 g dried flower, 1-2 times per day (Blumenthal et al. 2000)
• 2-4 g dried flower, 3 times per day (Bradley 1992)
• 2-2.6 g (30 or 40 grains) dried flower, per day (Felter and Lloyd 1983 [1898])

Directions for use:

Pour 150 ml to 473 ml (1 pint) of boiling water over dried flowers and infuse for 10-15 minutes (Hoffmann 2003; Blumenthal et al. 2000; Felter and Lloyd 1983 [1898]).
1.8 g = 1 tsp. (Wichtl 2004)

Fluidextract:

• 2 g dried equivalent, 1-2 times per day
  (1:1, 2 ml) (Blumenthal et al. 2000)
• 2-4 g dried equivalent, 3 times per day
  (1:1, 25% alcohol, 2-4 ml) (Bradley 1992)

Tincture:

• 0.5-1 g dried equivalent, 3 times per day
  (1:5, 40% alcohol, 2.5-5 ml) (Hoffmann 2003)
• 2 g dried equivalent, 1-2 times per day
  (1:5, 10 ml) (Blumenthal et al. 2000)
• 0.8-2 g dried equivalent, 3 times per day
  (1:5, 25% alcohol, 4-10 ml) (Bradley 1992)