MUSHROOMS

Help on accessing alternative formats, such as Portable Document Format (PDF), Microsoft Word and PowerPoint (PPT) files, can be obtained in the alternate format help section.

This monograph is intended to serve as a guide to industry for the preparation of Product Licence Applications (PLAs) and labels for natural health product market authorization. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the medicinal ingredient.

Notes

• Text in parentheses is additional optional information which can be included on the PLA and product label at the applicant's discretion.
• The solidus (/) indicates that the terms and/or statements are synonymous. Either term or statement may be selected by the applicant.

Date

March 25, 2019

Proper name(s), Common name(s), Source material(s)

Table 1. Proper name(s), Common name(s), Source material(s)

Proper name(s)	Common name(s)	Source material(s)
		Proper name(s)	Part(s)	Preparation(s)
Agaricus blazei	Himematsutake	Agaricus blazei	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Auricularia auricula- judae	Jelly ear	Auricularia auricula- judae	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Ganoderma applanatum	Artist's conk	Ganoderma applanatum	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Ganoderma lucidum	Ganoderma Ling zhi Reishi	Ganoderma lucidum	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Grifola frondosa	Maitake	Grifola frondosa	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Hericium erinaceus	Lion's Mane	Hericium erinaceus	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Inonotus obliquus	Chaga	Inonotus obliquus	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Lentinula edodes	Shiitake	Lentinula edodes	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Ophiocordyceps sinensis	Chinese caterpillar fungus Cordyceps Cordyceps sinensis Dong chong xia cao	Ophiocordyceps sinensis	Stroma	Dried
Paecilomyces hepiali	Cordyceps Cultured Chinese caterpillar fungus Fa jiao chong cao jun	Paecilomyces hepiali	Cultured mycelium	Dried
Schizophyllum commune	Split Gill fungus	Schizophyllum commune	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Trametes versicolor	Kawaratake Turkey Tail Yunzhi	Trametes versicolor	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Tremella fuciformis	Silver ear White mushroom	Tremella fuciformis	Cultured mycelium Fruiting body Mycelium	Dried
Wolfiporia extensa	Fu ling Hoelen Indian bread Poria Sclerotium of tuckahoe	Wolfiporia extensa	Cultured mycelium Sclerotium/mycelium	Dried

References: CABI 2014; De Sà-Nakanishi et al. 2014; Zhao 2013; Dai et al. 2012; PPRC 2010; NLM 2009; Youn et al. 2009; Nakajima et al. 2007; USDA 2006; Bensky et al. 2004; Chang and Miles 2004; Hobbs 2003; Chu et al. 2002; Wasser 2002; Bisby et al. 2000; McGuffin et al. 2000; TGA 1999; Lonvah and Deosthale 1998; MHPRC 1998; Saar 1991; Ying 1987.

Route of Administration

Oral

Dosage Form(s)

This monograph excludes foods or food-like dosage forms as indicated in the Compendium of Monographs Guidance Document.

Acceptable dosage forms for any age category listed in this monograph for the specified route of administration are listed in the Compendium of Monographs Guidance Document.

Use(s) or Purpose(s)

All Products

Source of fungal polysaccharides with immunomodulating properties (Xu et al. 2014; Mizuno and Nishitani 2013; Dai et al. 2012; Jung et al. 2012; Won et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2009; Chang and Miles 2004; Bensky et al. 2004; Hobbs 2003; Li et al. 2002; Wasser 2002; MHPRC 1998; Bin and Yang 1991).

Products containing Lentinula edodes fruiting body and/or (cultured) mycelium, a decocted fruiting body of Agaricus blazei, a decocted fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus, a decocted cultured mycelium of Paecilomyces hepiali and/or a decocted stroma of Ophiocordyceps sinensis

• Source of /Provides antioxidants (De Sà-Nakanishi et al. 2014; Zheng et al. 2014; Han et al. 2013; Qi et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2011; Bisen et al. 2010; Xu et al. 2010).
• Source of /Provides antioxidants that help fight/protect (cell) against/reduce (the oxidative effects of/the oxidative damage caused by/cell damage caused by) free radicals (De Sà-Nakanishi et al. 2014; Zheng et al. 2014; Han et al. 2013; Qi et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2011; Bisen et al. 2010; Xu et al. 2010).

Products containing Ganoderma lucidum

Fruiting Body

• Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to dispel phlegm, stop cough and arrest wheezing (PPRC 2010; Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004).
• Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to nourish the Heart and strengthen qi and blood to treat Heart and Spleen deficiencies that manifest in insomnia, forgetfulness, fatigue, listlessness and poor appetite (PPRC 2010; Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004).
• Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to strengthen the body and tonify qi (PPRC 2010; Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004).

Fruiting Body; Cultured Mycelium; Mycelium

• Source of/Provides antioxidants (Wachtel-Galor et al. 2011; Godfrey et al. 2010; Wicks et al. 2007).
• Used in Herbal Medicine as a liver tonic (Godfrey et al. 2010; Yarnell et al. 2003; Saunders 2000; Huang 1999; Peirce 1999; Belanger 1997; Hsu et al. 1986).
• Used in Herbal Medicine to support the immune system (Wachtel-Galor et al. 2011; Godfrey et al. 2010; Ko and Leung 2007; Lin 2005; Chen and Chen 2004; Wachtel-Galor et al. 2004; Hoffmann 2003; Yarnell et al. 2003; Wasser 2002; Peirce 1999; Belanger 1997; Hsu et al. 1986).
• Used in Herbal Medicine as an adaptogen to help increase energy and resistance to stress (in case of mental and physical fatigue related to stress) (Godfrey et al. 2010; Hobbs 2003; Hoffmann 2003; Leung and Foster 1996).

Products containing Grifola frondosa

Used in Herbal Medicine to support the immune system (Godfrey et al. 2010; Hobbs 2003; Hoffmann 2003; derMarderosian and Beutler 2002).

Products containing Wolfiporia extensa

• Used in Herbal Medicine to support the immune system (Rios 2011; Hobbs 2003; Hoffmann 2003).
• Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for small quantity of urination, dizziness and palpitation caused by phlegm-fluid retention, spleen deficiency, reduced food intake, sloppy stool, diarrhea, disquietude of heart spirit, and insomnia (PPRC 2010).
• Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to promote urination and leach out dampness (for urinary difficulty and cases of scanty urine due to damp-heat) (Bensky et al. 2004).
• Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to promote urination to drain dampness, fortify the spleen, and calm the heart (PPRC 2010).
• Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to strengthen the spleen and harmonize the middle burner: for spleen deficiency compounded by dampness with symptoms such as loss of appetite, diarrhea, and epigastric distention (Bensky et al. 2004).
• Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to strengthen the spleen and transform phlegm: for spleen deficiency with thin mucous in which phlegm moves upward with symptoms such as palpitations, headache, dizziness, and thick, greasy tongue coating (Bensky et al. 2004).

Products containing Ophiocordyceps sinensis stroma

Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to help tonify and replenish the lungs and kidneys, and resolve phlegm (PPRC 2010; Liu et al. 2005; Bensky et al. 2004).

Products containing Paecilomyces hepiali cultured mycelium

Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to help tonify and replenish the lungs and kidneys, tonify essence, and replenish qi (PPRC 2010).

Products containing decocted fruiting body of Trametes versicolor

Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to fortify the spleen to drain dampness and clear toxic heat (PPRC 2010).

Products containing decocted fruiting body of Tremella fuciformis

Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to nourish the stomach yin, moisten the lungs and generate fluids and for yin deficiency with ascendant yang (Bensky et al. 2004).

Products containing fruiting body or (cultured) mycelium of Lentinula edodes

Used in Herbal Medicine to support the immune system (Hobbs 2003; Wasser 2002).

Note

Claims for traditional use must include the term "Herbal Medicine", "Traditional Chinese Medicine", or "Ayurveda".

Dose(s)

Subpopulation(s)

Adults 18 years and older

Quantity(ies)

Refer to Table 2 below.

Table 2.Uses or purposes and associated daily doses

Medicinal Ingredients	Uses or purposes	Methods of Preparation	Dose(s (grams))/day
Agaricus blazei	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Decoction	Up to Not to exceed 9 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 9 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	Source of antioxidants	Decoction	Not to exceed 9 g of dried fruiting body per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 9 g of dried fruiting body per day and 40 % polysaccharides
Auricularia auricula- judae	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 15 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 15 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
Ganoderma applanatum	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 30 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 30 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
Ganoderma lucidum
	Source of antioxidants/fungal polysaccharides
		Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 15 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 15 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	Herbal Medicine Immune Support claim
		Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid extract)	1.5-6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.5-6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	3-15 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	3-15 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
	Other Herbal Medicine claims/TCM claims
		Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.5-6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.5-6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	3-15 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	3-15 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
Grifola frondosa	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Extract (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid extract, Decoction, Infusion)	Not to exceed 7 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Extract (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid extract, Decoction, Infusion)	Not to exceed 7 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	Herbal Medicine Immune Support claim	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extract (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid extract)	1.6-7 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extract (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid extract)	1.6-7 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	3-7 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	3-7 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
Hericium erinaceus	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid extract)	Not to exceed 2.8 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Extract (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid extract)	Not to exceed 2.8 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 12 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 12 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	Source of antioxidants	Decoction	Not to exceed 12 g of dried fruiting body per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 12 g of dried fruiting body per day and 40 % polysaccharides
Inonotus obliquus	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non- Standardized Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract, Decoction)	Not to exceed Up to 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract, Decoction)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
Lentinula edodes	Source of antioxidants/fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 16 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 16 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	Herbal Medicine Immune Support claim	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.6-6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.6-6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	6-16 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	6-16 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
Ophiocordyceps sinensis	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3 g of dried stroma per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3 g of dried stroma per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	Source of antioxidants/fungal polysaccharides	Decoction	Not to exceed 9 g of dried stroma per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 9 g of dried stroma per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	TCM claim	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.5-3 g of dried stroma per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.5-3 g of dried stroma per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	3-9 g of dried stroma per day
		Decoction standardized	3-9 g of dried stroma per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
Paecilomyces hepiali	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3 g of dried cultured mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3 g of dried cultured mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	Source of antioxidants/fungal polysaccharides	Decoction	Not to exceed 9 g of dried cultured mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 9 g of dried cultured mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	TCM claim	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.5-3 g of dried cultured mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.5-3 g of dried cultured mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	3-9 g of dried cultured mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	3-9 g of dried cultured mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
Schizophyllum commune	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 16 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 16 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
Trametes versicolor	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 5 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 5 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 27 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 27 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	TCM claim	Decoction	9-27 g of dried fruiting body per day
		Decoction standardized	9-27 g of dried fruiting body per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
Tremella fuciformis	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 9 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 9 g of dried cultured mycelium/fruiting body/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	TCM claim	Decoction	3-9 g of dried fruiting body per day
		Decoction standardized	3-9 g of dried fruiting body per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
Wolfiporia extensa	Source of fungal polysaccharides	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/sclerotium/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	Not to exceed 3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/sclerotium/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
		Decoction	Not to exceed 18 g of dried cultured mycelium/sclerotium/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	Not to exceed 18 g of dried cultured mycelium/sclerotium/mycelium per day and 40 % polysaccharides
	Herbal Medicine Immune Support claim	Dry, Powder, Non-Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.6-3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/sclerotium/mycelium per day
		Standardized Ethanolic Extracts (Dry extract, Tincture, Fluid Extract)	1.6-3.6 g of dried cultured mycelium/sclerotium/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides
	Herbal Medicine Immune Support claim/TCM claims	Decoction	9-18 g of dried cultured mycelium/sclerotium/mycelium per day
		Decoction standardized	9-18 g of dried cultured mycelium/sclerotium/mycelium per day and not to exceed 40 % polysaccharides

References: Wachtel-Galor et al. 2011; Godfrey et al. 2010; PPRC 2010; Mori et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2005; Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004; Hobbs 2003; derMarderosian and Beutler 2002; Upton 2000; Huang 1999; Levy et al. 1998; MHPRC 1998; Ying 1987.

Notes:

• For standardized extracts, as evidence mainly supports the quantity crude equivalent, both the quantity crude equivalent and the maximum concentration of the potency constituent must be met.
• Ganoderma lucidum: Non-extracted powder preparations are not acceptable to support the recommended use "Used in Herbal Medicine to support the immune system".

Direction(s) for use

Products containing Ganoderma lucidum

Take with food/meal to avoid digestive upset (Flynn and Roest 1995).

Duration(s) of Use

Products containing Wolfiporia extensa

Consult a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician for prolonged use.

Risk Information

• Consult Table 3 to determine the required risk statements for each medicinal ingredient.
• For products containing Auricularia auricula-judae, the caution and warning statement "Consult a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician prior to use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding" will not be needed as it is covered by a contraindication for that subpopulation (statement #8).

Caution(s) and warning(s)

1. Consult a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician prior to use if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.
2. For claims related to reductions of symptoms: Consult a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician if symptoms persist or worsen.
3. Products providing 150 mg or more of dried Grifola frondosa, per day, prepared as dry, powder, dry ethanolic extract, tincture or fluid extract and/or 300 mg or more of dried Grifola frondosa, per day, prepared as decoction, and/or 300 mg or more of dried Agaricus blazei per day: Consult a healthcare practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician prior to use if you have diabetes (Brinker 2010; Firenzuoli et al. 2008; Hsu et al. 2007; Konno 2003, 2001).
4. Consult a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician prior to use if you are taking blood thinners (anti-coagulants) (Bisen et al. 2010; Wasser 2005).
5. Products making TCM claims based on Ophiocordyceps sinensis or Paecilomyces hepiali: Consult a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician prior to use if you have exterior pathogens/conditions (Bensky et al. 2004).
6. Products making TCM claims based on Tremella fuciformis: Consult a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician prior to use if you have cough from wind-cold (Bensky et al. 2004).
7. Products making TCM claims based on Wolfiporia extensa: Consult a health care practitioner/health care provider/health care professional/doctor/physician prior to use if you have a yin deficiency, sunken Spleen qi, or cold from deficiency with spermatorrhea (Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004).

Contraindication(s)

8. Do not use this product if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Known adverse reaction(s)

9. Stop use if hypersensitivity/allergy occurs (derMarderosian and Beutler 2008; Bensky et al. 2004; Gao et al. 2003, 2002; Levy et al. 1998).
10. Diuretic effect may occur (PPRC 2010).

Table 3. Risk information

Medicinal Ingredients	Risk Information
Agaricus blazei	1,3
Auricularia auricula-judae	8
Ganoderma applanatum	1
Ganoderma lucidum	2,9
Grifola frondosa	3
Hericium erinaceus	1
Inonotus obliquus	1
Lentinula edodes	4,9
Ophiocordyceps sinensis	1,2,5
Paecilomyces hepiali	1,2,5
Schizophyllum commune	1,2
Trametes versicolor	1,2
Tremella fuciformis	1,2,6
Wolfiporia extensa	7,9,10

Non-medicinal ingredients

Must be chosen from the current Natural Health Products Ingredients Database (NHPID) and must meet the limitations outlined in the database.

Storage conditions

No statement required.

Specifications

• The finished product specifications must be established in accordance with the requirements described in the Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate (NNHPD) Quality of Natural Health Products Guide.
• The medicinal ingredient must comply with the requirements outlined in the NHPID.
• The product must not contain any traces of agaritine.

References Cited

• Bensky D, Clavey S, Stöger E, Gamble A, editors. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica. 3rd edition. Seattle (WA): Eastland Press Inc; 2004.
• Belanger CA. The Chinese Herb Selection Guide: A Traditional and Modern Clinical Repertory with a Summary Materia Medica for the Health Care Practitioner. Richmond (CA): Phytotech Database Publishing Co.; 1997.
• Bin G, Yang G. Effects of Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharide on cellular and humoral immunity in normal and sarcoma 180 transplanted mice. Phytotherapy Research 1991;5(3):134- 138.
• Bisby FA, Roskov YR, Orrell TM, Nicolson D, Paglinawan LE, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, van Hertum J, editors. 2008. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2008 Annual Checklist.
• Digital Resource [Internet]. Reading (GB): Species 2000. [Accessed 2014 May 05]. Available from: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/
• Bisen PS, Baghel RK, Sanodiya BS, Thakur GS, Prasad GBKS. Lentinula edodes: a macrofungus with pharmacological activities. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2010;17(22):2419- 2430.
• Brinker 2010: Brinker F. Final updates and additions for Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions, 3rd edition, including extensive Appendices addressing common problematic conditions, medications and nutritional supplements, and influences on Phase I, II & III metabolism with new appendix on botanicals as complementary adjuncts with drugs. [Internet]. Sandy (OR): Eclectic Medical Publications. [Updated 2010 July 13; Accessed 2014 November 3]. Available from: http://www.eclecticherb.com/emp/updatesHCDI.html
• CABI 2014: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Index Fungorum. Wallingford (GB): CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International); 2012. [Accessed 2014 May 05]. Available from: http://www.speciesfungorum.org./
• Chang S, Miles PG. Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect and environmental impact. Second Edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press LLC.; 2004.
• Chen JK, Chen TT. Chinese medical herbology and pharmacology. Crampton L, editor. City of Industry (CA): Art of Medicine Press Inc.; 2004.
• Chu KK, Ho SS, Chow AH. Coriolus versicolor: a medicinal mushroom with promising immunotherapeutic values. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2002;42(9):976-984.
• Dai H, Han XQ, Gong FY, Dong H, Tu PF, Gao XM. Structure elucidation and immunological function analysis of a novel beta-glucan from the fruit bodies of Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries. Glycobiology 2012 22(12):1673-1683.
• derMarderosian A, Beutler JA, editors. The review of natural products. "Reishi mushroom: Date of issue: August 2008" St Louis (MO): Facts and Comparisons, Wolters Kluwer Health; Printed in 2008 and Updated to May 2012.
• De Sà-Nakanishi AB, Soares AA, de Oliveira AL, Comar JF, Peralta RM, Bracht A. Effects of treating old rats with an aqueous Agaricus blazei extract on oxidative and functional parameters of the brain tissue and brain mitochondria. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014; Article ID: 563179:1-13.
• Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Lombardo G. The medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill: Review of literature and pharmaco-toxicological problems. Evidence Based Complementary Alternative Medicine 2008;5(1):3-15.
• Flynn R. Roest M. Your Guide To Standardized Herbal Products. Prescott (AZ): One World Press; 1995.
• Gao Y, Dai X, Chen G, Ye J, Zhou S. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of Ganoderma lucidum (W.Curt.:Fr.) Lloyd (Aphylloromycetidae) polysaccharides (Ganopoly R) in patients with advanced lung cancer. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2003;5(4):369-381.
• Gao Y, Zhou SH, Chen G, Dai X, Ye J. A phase I/II study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.)
• P. Karst. Extract (ganopoly) in patients with advanced cancer. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2002;4(3):207-214.
• Godfrey A, Saunders PR, with Barlow K, Gilbert C, Gowan M, Smith F. Principles and Practices of Naturopathic Botanical Medicine. Volume 1: Botanical Medicine Monographs. Toronto (ON): CCNM Press; 2010.
• Han ZH, Ye JM, Wang GF. Evaluation of in vivo antioxidant activity of Hericium erinaceus
• polysaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2013;52:66-71.
• Hobbs C. Medicinal mushroom: an exploration of tradition, healing and culture. Summertown, TN: Botanica Press; 2003.
• Hoffmann D. Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Rochester (VT): Healing Arts Press; 2003.
• Hsu CH, Liao YL, Lin SC, Hwang KC, Chou P. The mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill in combination with Metformin and Gliclazide improves insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes; a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2007;13(1):97-102.
• Huang KC. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. Second edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1999.
• Jung BG, Lee JA, Lee BJ. Immunoprophylactic effects of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) against Bordetella bronchiseptica in mice. The Journal of Microbiology 2012;50(6):1003-1008.
• Konno S. A mushroom extract for syndrome X and type II diabetes. Natural Pharmacy 2003;7(5):16-17.
• Konno S, Tortorelis DG, Fullerton SA, Samadi AA, Hettiarachchi J, Tazaki H. Diabetic Medicine 2001;18:1007-1010.
• Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. Second edition. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons Inc.; 2003.
• Levy AM, Kita H, Phillips SF, Schkade PA, Dyer PD, Gleich GJ, Dubravec VA. Eosinophilia and gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of shiitake mushrooms. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1998;101(5):613-620.
• Li SP, Su ZR, Dong TT, Tsim KW. The fruiting body and its caterpillar host of Cordyceps sinensis show close resemblance in main constituents and anti-oxidation activity. Phytomedicine 2002;9(4):319-324.
• Liu C, Tseng A, Yang S. Chinese Herbal Medicine: Modern Applications of Traditional Formulas. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2005.
• Liu Y, Fukuwatari Y, Okumura K, Takeda K, Ischibashi KI, Furukawa M, Ohno N, Mori K, Gao M, Motoi M. Immunomodulating activity of Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 in mice and in human volunteers. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2008;5(2):205-219.
• Longvah T, Deosthale YG. Compositional and nutritional studies on edible wild mushroom from northeast India. Food Chemistry 1998;63(3):331-334.
• McGuffin M, Kartesz JT, Leung AY, Tucker AO, editors. Herbs of Commerce. 2nd edition. Silver Spring (MD): American Herbal Products Association; 2000.
• MHPRC 1998: Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. State Food and Drug Administration. State Drug Standard (SDS) Monograph: Houtoujun Pian WS3-B-3341-98 (in Chinese). [Accessed 2014 July 4]. Available from: http://www.pharmnet.com.cn/search/detail-- 32--8244.html
• Mizuno M, Nishitani Y. Immunomodulating compounds in Basidiomycetes. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 2013;52(3):202-207.
• Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y and Tuchida T. Improving Effects of the Mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Double-blind Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. Phytotherapy Research 2009;23:367-372.
• Nakajima Y, Sato Y, Konishi T. Antioxidant small phenolic ingredients in Inonotus obliquus
• (persoon) Pilat (Chaga). Chemical Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2007;55(8):1222-1226.
• NLM 2009. The NCBI Entrez Taxonomy. [Accessed 2014 May 16]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=91752.
• PPRC 2010: Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2010. Volume I. Beijing (PRC): Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission; 2010.
• Peirce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York (NY): William Morrow and Company Inc.; 1999.
• Qi W, Zhang Y, Yan YB, Lei W, Wu ZX, Liu N, Liu S, Shi L, Fan Y. The protective effect of Cordymin, a peptide purified from the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis, on diabetic osteopenia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013; Article ID 985636: 1-6.
• Rios JL. Chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Poria cocos. Planta Medica 2011;77(7):681-691.
• Saar M. Fungi in Khanty folk medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1991;31(2):175-179.
• Saunders PR. Reishi. In: Chandler F, Bombardier C, Briggs C, Carruthers SG, McCutcheon AR, Saleh A, Saunders PR, editors. Herbs: Everyday Reference for Health Professionals. Ottawa (ON): Canadian National Printers; 2000. p. 181-184.
• TGA 1999. TGA Approved Terminology for Medicines. Section 3 - Herbal Substances. Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing. [Accessed 2014 May 21]. Available
• from: http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/medicines-approved-terminology-herbal.pdf
• The Published Standard of the Chinese Ministry of Health. Vol 17, WS3-B-3341-98, For Hericium Erinaceus extract as a drug to treat chronic superficial gastritis. [Accessed 2014 July 4]. Available from: http://www.pharmnet.com.cn/search/detail--32--8244.html
• Upton R, editor. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium: Reishi Mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum: Standards of Analysis, Quality Control, and Therapeutics. Santa Cruz (CA): American Herbal Pharmacopoeia; 2000.
• USDA 2006. Fungal databases, systematic mycology and microbiology laboratory, ARS, USDA. [Accessed 2014 May 07]. Available from: http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases
• Wachtel-Galor S, Yuen J, Buswell JA, Benzie IFF. Chapter 9 Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi or Reishi): A Medicinal Mushroom. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2011.
• Wang L, Wang G, Zhang J, Zhang G, Jia L, Liu X, Deng P, Fan K. Extraction optimization and antioxidant activity of intracellular selenium polysaccharide by Cordyceps sinensis SU-02. Carbohydrate Polymers 2011;86(4):1745-1750.
• Wang Y, Wang M, Ling Y, Fan W, Wang Y, Yin H. Structural determination and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps sinensis. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2009;37(5):977-989.
• Wasser SP. Shiitake (Lentinus edodes). In Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements: Edited by: Coates, PM et al. New York, NY. Marcell Dekker; 2005.
• Wasser SP. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2002;60(3):258-274.
• Won DP, Lee JS, Kwon DS, Lee KE, Shin WC, Hong EK. Immunostimulating activity by polysaccharides isolated from fruiting body of Inonotus obliquus. Molecules and Cells 2011;31(2):165-173.
• Xu H, Wu PR, Shen ZY, Chen XD. Chemical analysis of Hericium erinaceum polysaccharides and effect of the polysaccharides on derma antioxidant enzymes, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2010;47(1):33-36.
• Xu X, Yan H, Tang J, Chen J, Zhang X. Polysaccharides in Lentinus edodes: isolation, structure, immunomodulating activity and future prospective. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2014;54(4):474-487.
• Yarnell E. Abascal K. Hooper CG. Clinical Botanical Medicine. Larchmont (NY): Mary Ann Liebert Inc.; 2003.
• Ying J. Icones of medicinal fungi from China. Translated by X. Yuehan. Beijing: Science Press; 1987.
• Youn MJ, Kim JK, Park SY, Kim Y, Park C, Kim ES, Park KI, So HS, Park R. Potential anticancer properties of the water extract of Inonotus obliquus by induction of apoptosis in melanoma B16-10 cells. Journal of ethnopharmacology 2009;121(2):221-228.
• Zheng L, Hao L, Tian C, Li T, Sun X, Jia M, Jia L. Production and in vivo antioxidant activity of Zn, Ge, Se-enriched mycelial by Cordyceps sinensis SU-01. Current Microbiology 2014;69(3):270-276.
• Zhao YY. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and quality control of Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2013;149(1):35- 48.

References Reviewed

• Abdullah N, Ismail SM, Aminudin N, Shuib AS, Lau BF. Evaluation of selected culinary- medicinal mushrooms for antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012; Article ID 464238:1-12.
• Agarwal N, Majee C, Chakraborthy GS. Natural herbs as anticancer drugs. International Journal of PharmTech Research 2012;4(3):1142-1153.
• Al-Dbass AM, Al-Daihan SK, Bhat RS. Agaricus blazei Murrill as an efficient hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2012;19:303-309.
• Asatiani MD, Elisashvili VI, Wasser SP, Reznick AZ, Nevo E. Free-radical scavenging activity of submerged mycelium extracts from higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2007;71(12):3090-3092.
• Bensky D, Gamble A. Chinese Herbal Medicine. Materia Medica. Seattle Washington, USA. Eastland Press, Incorporated; 1993.
• Borchers AT, Kenn CL, Gershwin ME. Mushrooms, tumors and immunity: An update. Experimental Biology and Medicine 2004;229(5):393-406.
• Brinker F. Herb contraindications and drug interactions. 3rd edition. Sandy (OR): Eclectic Medical Publications; 2001.
• CABI 2011: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Index Fungorum [Internet]. Wallingford (GB): CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International); 2011. [Accessed 2012 January 23]. Available from: http://www.speciesfungorum.org.
• Canadian Nutrient File (CNF), 2012 [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Food and Nutrition, Health Canada. [Date Modified 2012-02-10; Accessed 2012 April 12]. Available from: http://webprod3.hc-sc.gc.ca/cnf-fce/index-eng.jsp
• Carvajal AE, Koehnlein EA, Soares AA, Eler GJ, Nakashima ATA, Bracht A, Peralta RM. Bioactives of fruiting bodies and submerged culture mycelial of Agaricus brasiliensis (A. blazei) and their antioxidant properties. LWT- Food Science and Technology 2012;46(2):493-499.
• Chatterjee S, Biswas G, Basu SK, Acharya K. Antineoplastic effect of mushrooms: a review. Australian Journal of Crop Science 2011;5(7):904-911.
• Chen J, Jin X, Zhang L, Yang L. A study on the antioxidant effect of Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide in rat brain tissues. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 2013;10(6):481-484.
• CIMER 2009: Complementary and Integrative Medicine Education Resources. Coriolus versicolor Detailed Scientific Review [Internet]. University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. [Accessed 2010 February 14]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/education- and-research/resources-for-professionals/clinical-tools-and-resources/cimer/therapies/herbal- plant-biologic-therapies/coriolus-versicolor-scientific.html
• Daba AS, Ezeronye OU. Anti-cancer effect of polysaccharides isolated from higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. African Journal of Biotechnology 2003;2(12):672-678.
• derMarderosian A, Beutler JA, editors. The Review of Natural Products; 3rd edition. St Louis (MO), Facts and Comparisons; 2002.
• Dosychev EA, Bystrova VN. Treatment of psoriasis using Chaga fungus preparations. Vestnik Dermatologii i Venerologii 1973;47(5):79-83.
• Du XJ, Mu H, Zhou S, Zhang Y, Zhu XL. Chemical analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides extracted from Inonotus obliquus sclerotia. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2013;62:691-696.
• Earnest CP, Morss GM, Wyatt F, Jordan AN, Colson S, Church TS, Fitzgerald Y, Autrey L, Jurca R, Lucia A. Effects of a commercial herbal-based formula on exercise performance in cyclists. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2004;36(3):504-509.
• EFSA, European Food Safety Authority: Scientific Opinion on the safety of Lentinus edodes
• extract (LentinexR) as a Novel Food Ingredient. EFSA Journal 2010;8(7):1-15.
• Fujimiya Y, Suzuki Y, Katakura R, Ebina T. Tumor-specific cytocidal and immunopotentiating effects of relatively low molecular weight products derived from the basidiomycete, Agaricus lazei Murrill. Anticancer Research 1999;19(1A):113-118.
• Gao QP, Jiang RZ, Chen HQ, Jensen E, Seljelid R. Characterization and cytokine stimulating activities of heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis. Planta Medica 1996;62(4):297-302.
• Holliday J, Cleaver M, Wasser SP. Cordyceps. In Enclyclopedia of Dietary Supplements. Edited by Coates PM. et al. New York, Marcell Dekker; 2005.
• Hsieh TC, Kunicki J, Darzynkiewicz Z, Wu JM. Effects of extracts of Coriolus versicolor (I'm- Yunity) on cell-cycle progression and expression of interleukins-1 beta, -6 and -8 in promyelocytic HL-60 leukemic cells and mitogenically stimulated and nonstimulated human lyphocytes. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2002;8(5):591-602.
• Hsu CH, Hwang KC, Chiang YH, Chou P. The mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill extract normalizes liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2008;14(3):299-301.
• Izawa S, Inoue Y. A screening system for antioxidants using thioredoxin-deficient yeast: discovery of thermostable antioxidant activity from Agaricus blazei Murrill. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2003;64(4):537-542.
• Jeong H, Yang BK, Jeong YT, Kim GN, Jeong YS, Kim SM, Mehta P, Song CH. Hypolipidemic effects of biopolymers extracted from culture broth, mycelia, and fruiting bodies of Auricularia auricula-judae in dietary-induced hyperlipidmic rats. Mycobiology 2007;35(1):16-20.
• Jeong YT, Yang BK, Jeong SC, Kim SM, Song CH. Ganoderma applanatum: A promising mushroom for antitumor and immunomodulating activity. Phytotherapy Research 2008;22(5):614-619.
• Jeong YT, Yang BK, Li CR, Song CH. Anti-tumor effects of exo- and endo-biopolymers produced from submerged cultures of three different mushrooms. Mycobiology 2008;36(2):106- 109.
• Johnson E, Forland DT, Saetre L, Bernardshaw SV, Lyberg T, Hetland G. Effect of an extract based on the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill on release of cytokines, chemokines and leukocyte growth factors in human blood ex vivo and in vivo. Clinical Immunology 2008;69(3):242-250.
• Ju HK, Chung HW, Hong SS, Park JH, Lee J, Kwon SW. Effect of steam treatment on soluble phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus). Food Chemistry 2008;119(2):619-625.
• Kalyoncu F, Oskay M, Kayalar H. Antioxidant activity of the mycelium of 21 wild mushroom species. Mycology 2010;1(3):195-199.
• Karaman M, Malbasa JE, Matavuly M, Popovic M. Medicinal and edible lignicolous fungi as natural sources of antioxidative and antibacterial agents. Phytotherapy Research 2010;24(10):1473-1481.
• Kho YS, Vikineswary S, Abdullah N, Kuppusamy UR, Oh HI. Antioxidant capacity of fresh and processed fruit bodies and mycelium of Auricularia auricula-judae (Fr.) Quél. Journal of Medicinal Food 2009;12(1):167-174.
• Kim HS, Kacew S, Lee BM. In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis Miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus vericolor).
• Carcinogenesis 1999;20(8):1637-1640.
• Kim SP, Kang MY, Kim JH, Nam SH, Friedman M. Composition and mechanism of antitumor effects of Hericium erinaceus mushroom extracts in tumor-bearing mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011;59(18):9861-9869.
• Kim YR. Immunomodulatory activity of the water extract from medicinal mushroom Inonotus obliquus. Mycobiology 2005;33(3):158-162.
• Klaus A, Kozarski M, Niksic M, Jakovljevic D, Todorovic N, Van Griensven LJLD. Antioxidative activities and chemical characterization of polysaccharides extracted from the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. LWT - Food Science and Technology 2011;44(10):2005-2011.
• Kobayashi Y, Kariya K, Saigenji K, Nakamura K. Oxidative stress relief for cancer-bearing hosts by the protein-bound polysaccharide of Coriolus versicolor QUEL with SOD mimicking activity. Cancer Biotherapy 1994;9(1):55-62.
• Koge T, Komatsu W, Sorimachi K. Heat stability of agaritine in water extracts from Agaricus blazei and other edible fungi, and removal of agaritine by ethanol fractionation. Food Chemistry 2011;126(3):1172-1177.
• Korzarski M, Klaus A, Niksic M, Vrvic MM, Todorovic N, Jakovljevic D, Van Griensven LJLD. Antioxidative activities and chemical characterization of polysaccharide extracts from the widely used mushrooms Ganoderma applanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes and Trametes versicolor. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2012;26:44-153.
• Kuppusamy UR, Chong YL, Mahmood AA, Indra M, Abdullah N, Vikineswary S. Lentinula edodes (shiitake) mushroom extract protects against hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics 2009;46(2):161-165.
• Lee JS, Cho JY, Hong EK. Study on macrophage activation and structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides from the liquid culture broth of Hericium erinaceus. Carbohydrate Polymers 2009;78(1):162-168.
• Lee WY, Park EJ, Ahn JK, Ka KH. Ergothioneine contents in fruiting bodies and their enhancement in mycelial cultures by the addition of methionine. Mycobiology 2009;37(1):43-47.
• Lee WY, Park Y, Ahn JK, Ka KH, Park SY. Factors influencing the production of endopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide from Ganoderma applanatum. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2007;40(2):249-254.
• Li H, Lee HS, Kim SH, Moon B, Lee C. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extracts of Tremella fuciformis and its major phenolic acids. Journal of Food Science 2014;79(4):C460-C468.
• Li SP, Su ZR, Dong TT, Tsim KW. The fruiting body and its caterpillar host of Cordyceps sinensis show close resemblance in main constituents and anti-oxidation activity. Phytomedicine 2002;9(4):319-324.
• Liang B, Guo Z, Xie F, Zhao A. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Hericium erinaceus in experimental diabetic rats. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine 2013;13(1):253.
• Lindequist U, Niedermeyer TH, Jülich WD. The Pharmacological potential of mushrooms. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2005;2(3):285-299.
• Liu F, Ooi VE. A review of pharmacological activities of mushroom polysaccharides. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1999;1(3):195-206.
• Lo HC, Hsieh C, Lin FY, Hsu TH. A systematic review of the mysterious caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Dong-ChongXiaCao (Dong Chong Xia Cao) and related bioactive ingredients. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2013;3(1):16-32.
• Ma JQ, Liu CM, Qin ZH, Jiang JH, Sun YZ. Ganoderma applanatum terpenes protect mouse liver against benzo(alpha)pyren-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2011;31(3):460-468.
• McGuffin M, Gardner Z. editors. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2013.
• Mitomi T, Tsuchiya, Lijima N, Aso K, Suzuki K, Nishiyama K, Amano T, Takahashi T, Murayama N, Oka H, Oya K, Noto T, Ogawa N. Randomized, controlled study on adjuvant immunochemotherapy with PSK in curatively resected colorectal cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 1992;35(2):123-130.
• Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y, Tuchida T. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo- controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy Research 2009;23(3):367-372.
• Mukai H, Watanabe T, Katsumata N. An alternative medicine, Agaricus blazei, may have induced severe hepatic dysfunction in cancer patients. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006;36(12):808-810.
• Nagano M, Shimizu K, Kondo R, Hayashi C, Sato D, Kitagawa K, Ohnuki K. Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake. Biomedical Research 2010;31(4):231-237.
• Nagaraj K, Mallikarjun N, Naika R, Venugopal TM. Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial potential of Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. of Shivamogga District- Karnataka, India. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2013;23(2):36-41.
• Nagashima Y, Maeda N, Yamamoto S, Yoshino S, Oka M. Evaluation of host quality of life and immune function in breast cancer patients treated with combination of adjuvant chemotherapy and oral administration of Lentinula edodes mycelial extract. OncoTargets and Therapy 2013;6:853-859.
• Nakashima S, Umeda Y, Kanada T. Effect of polysaccharides from Ganoderma applanatum on immune responses. Microbiology & Immunology 1979;23(6):501-513.
• Nicandro JP, Tsourounis C, Frassetto L, Guglielmo BJ. In vivo effect of I'm-Yunity on hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 2007;7(1):39-56.
• Ning X, Luo Q, Li C, Ding Z, Pang J, Zhao C. Inhibitory effects of a polysaccharide extract from the Chaga medicinal mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (higher Basidiomycetes), on the proliferation of human neurogliocytoma cells. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2014;16(1):29- 36.
• NMCD 2012. Cordyceps. [Accessed 2014 May 23]. Available from: http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/nd/Search.aspx?cs=CEPDA&s=ND&pt=100&id= 602&ds=&name=CORDYCEPS&searchid=46664054
• NMCD 2012. Shiitake Mushroom. [Accessed 2014 May 22]. Available from: http://naturaldatabase.therapeuticresearch.com/nd/Search.aspx?cs=CEPDA&s=ND&pt=&sh=6
• Ohno S, Sumiyoshi Y, Hashine K, Shirato A, Kyo S, Inoue M. Phase I clinical study of the dietary supplement, Agaricus blazei Murrill, in cancer patients in remission. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011; Article ID 192381:1-9.
• Ou Ming. Chinese-English manual of common use in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Guangdong, China. Guangdong Science and Technology Publishing House.1992;602-603.
• Oyetayo OV. Medicinal uses of mushrooms in Nigeria: towards full and sustainable exploitation. African Journal of Traditional Complementary Alternative Medicine 2011;8(3):267-274.
• Park YS, Lee HS, Won MH, Lee JH, Lee SY, Lee HY. Effect of an exo-polysaccharide from the culture broth of Hericium erinaceus on enhancement of growth and differentiation of rat adrenal nerve cells. Cytotechnology 2002;39(3):155-162.
• Perera PK, Li Y. Mushrooms as a functional food mediator in preventing and ameliorating diabetes. Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2011;4:161-171.
• Pushpa H, Anand M, Kashimaiah P. Ganoderma applanatum (persoon) Patouillard: as a source of anticancer and antioxidant agent. International Journal of Pharmacology and Bio Sciences 2014;5(2):276-283.
• Ramberg JE, Nelson ED, Sinnott RA. Immunomodulatory dietary polysaccharides: a systematic review of the literature. Nutrition Journal 2010;9(54):1-22.
• Shimizu S, Kityada H, Yamakawa J, Murayama T, Sugiyama K, Izumi H, Yamaguchi N. Activation of the alternative complement pathway by Agaricus blazei Murrill. Phytomedicine 2002;9(6):536-545.
• Sia GM, Candlish JK. Effects of shiitake (Lentinus edodes) extract on human neutrophils and the U937 monocytic cell line. Phytotherapy Research 1999;13(2):133-137.
• Rogers RD. The fungal pharmacy medicinal mushrooms of western Canada. Edmonton, AB: Prairie Deva Press; 2006.
• Rotolo G. The effectiveness of Coriolus versicolor in the treatment of secondary phenomena associated with HIV. 10th International Congress of Mucosal Immunology. Amsterdam; 1999.
• Schulzova V, Hajslova J, Peroutka R, Gry J, Andersson HC. Influence of storage and household processing on the agaritine content of the cultivated Agaricus mushroom. Food Additives & Contaminants 2002;19(9):853-862.
• Shashkina MY, Shashkin PN, Sergeev AV. Chemical and medicobiological properties of chaga (review). Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 2006;40(10):560-568.
• Sheu S, Lyu Y, Lee M, Cheng J. Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from
• Hericium erinaceus on dendritic cells. Process Biochemistry 2013;48(9):1402-1408.
• Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Heinrich M. Medicinal plants of the Russian pharmacopoeia; their history and applications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2014;154(3):481-536.
• Shiu W, Leung T, Tao M. A clinical study of PSP on peripheral blood counts during chemotherapy. Phytotherapy Research 2006;6(4):217-218.
• Soares AA, deOliveira AL, Sa-Nakanishi AB, Comar JF, Rampazzo APS, Vicentini FA, Natali MRM, Gomes da Costa SM, Bracht A, Peralta RM. Effects of an Agaricus blazei aqueous extract pretreatment on Paracetamol-induced brain and liver injury in rats. Biomed Research International 2013; Article ID 469180:1-12.
• Sobieralski K, Siwulski M, Lisiecka J, Jedryczka M, Sas-Golak I, Fruzynska-Jozwiak D. Fungi- derived beta-glucans as a component of functional food. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Horticulture 2012;11(4):111-128.
• Stamets P. Controlling Zoonotic Disease Vectors from insects and arthropods using preconidial mycelium and extracts of preconidial mycelium from entomopathogenic fungi. US8753656 B2; 2014.
• Sumiyoshi Y, Hashine K, Kakahi Y, Yoshimura K, Satou T, Kuruma H, Namiki S, Shinohara N. Dietary administration of mushroom mycelium extracts in patients with early stage prostate cancers managed expectantly: a phase II study. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology 2010;40(10):967-972.
• Sun JE, Ao ZH, Lu ZM, Xu HY, Zhang XM, Dou WF, Xu ZH. Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of dry matter of culture broth of Inonotus obliquus in submerged culture on normal and alloxan-diabetes mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2008;118(1):7-13.
• Sun Y, Yin T, Chen XH, Zhang G, Curtis RB, Lu ZH, Jiang JH. In vitro antitumor activity and structure characterization of ethanol extracts from wild and cultivated Chaga medicinal mushrooms, Inonotus obliquus (Pers.: Fr.) Pilàt (Aphyllophoromycetideae). International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2011;13(2):121-130.
• Suzuki N, Takimoto Y, Suzuki R, Arai T, Uebaba K, Nakai M, Strong JM, Tokuda H. Efficacy of Oral Administration of Lentinula eododes mycelia extract for breast cancer patients undergoing postoperative hormone therapy. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013;14(6):3469-3472.
• Szeto M. Coriolus versicolor extracts: relevance in cancer management. Current Oncology 2008;15(2):79.
• Tripathi AM, Tiwary BN. Biochemical constituents of a wild strain of Schizophyllum commune isolated from Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (ABR), India. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2013;29:1431-1442.
• Wasser SP. Medicinal mushroom science: history, current status, future trends and unsolved problems. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2010;12(1):1-16.
• Wong CC, Li HB, Cheng KW, Chen F. A systematic survey of antioxidant activity of 30 Chinese medicinal plants using the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Food Chemistry 2006;97(4):705-711.
• Wong JY, Abdulla MA, Raman J, Phan CW, Kuppusamy UR, Golbabapour S, Sabaratnam V. Gastroprotective effects of Lion's Mane mushroom Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) extract against ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013; Article ID 492976:1-9.
• Wu J, Ding ZY, Zhang KC. Improvement of exopolysaccharide production by macro-fungus Auricularia auricula in submerged culture. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 2005;39(4):743- 749.
• Wu Q, Zheng C, Ning ZX, Yang B. Modification of low molecular weight polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis and their antioxidant activity in vitro. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2007;8(7):670-679.
• Xu W, Shen X, Yang F, Han Y, Li R, Xue D, Jiang C. Protective effect of polysaccharides isolated from Tremella fuciformis against radiation-induced damage in mice. Journal of Radiation Research 2012;53(3):353-360.
• Xu, X, Hu Y, Quan L. Production of bioactive polysaccharides by Inonotus obliquus under submerged fermentation supplemented with lignocellulosic biomass and their antioxidant activity. Bioprocessing Biosystems Engineering 2014; DOI:10.1007/s00449-014-1226-1.
• Xu X, Li J, Hu Y. Polysaccharides from Inonotus obliquus sclerotia and cultured mycelia stimulate cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro and their chemical characterization. International Immunopharmacology 2014;21(2):269-278.
• Yamada J, Hamuro J, Hatanaka H, Hamabata K, Kinoshita S. Alleviation of seasonal allergic symptoms with superfine beta-1,3-glucan: a randomized study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2007;119(5):1119-1126.
• Yim HS, Chye FY, Rao V, Low JY, Matanjun P, How SE, Ho CW. Optimization of extraction time and temperature on antioxidant activity of Schizophyllum commune aqueous extract using response surface methodology. Journal of Food Science & Technology 2013;50(2):275-283.
• Yoshimura K, Kamoto T, Ogawa O, Matsui S, Tsuchiya N, Tada H, Murata K, Yoshimura K, Habuchi T, Fukushima M. Medical mushrooms used for biochemical failure after radical treatment for prostate cancer: an open-label study. International Journal of Urology 2010;17(6):548-554.
• Zembron-Lacny A, Gajewski M, Siatkowski I. Effect of shiitake (Lentinus edodes) extract on antioxidant and inflammatory response to prolonged eccentric exercise. Journal of physiology and Pharmacology 2013;64(2):249-254.
• Zhang E. (Editor-in-chief). (English-Chinese) Rare Chinese Materia Medica. Publishing House of Shanghai College of Traditional Medicine;1989:234-239.
• Zhang H, Wang ZY, Yang L, Yang X, Zhang Z. In vitro antioxidant activities of sulfated derivatives of polysaccharides extracted from Auricularia auricula. International Journal of Molecular Science 2011;12(5):3288-3302.
• Zhang M, Cui SW, Cheung PCK, Wang Q. Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumor activity. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2007;18(1):4-19.
• Zhang Z, Ly G, Pan H, Pandey A, He W, Fan L. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of endo-polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus grown on tofu whey. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2012;51(5):1140-1146.
• Zheng W, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Liu Y, Pan S, Dai Y, Liu F. Production of antioxidant and antitumor metabolites by submerged cultures of Inonotus obliquus cocultured with Phellinus punctatus. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology 2011;89(1):157-167.
• Zhixian L. (General Chief editor). The Chinese Materia Medica. Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1998.
• Zhu JS, Halpern GM, Jones K. The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis - Part I. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 1998;4(3):289-303.